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Background: Kolkata, one of the major metropolitan cities of India, is also the capital of the state West Bengal, contributes largest number of malaria cases reported from West Bengal. The present study was undertaken to assess the anti-malarial prescribing pattern in a tertiary care teaching hospital in Kolkata.Methods: This was an observational, prospective, cross-sectional study for a period of one year (from March 2017 to February 2018) in which prescriptions of diagnosed pediatric and adult malaria patients were scanned and reviewed for anti-malarial use pattern. Core drug use indicators were also analyzed to assess the rational prescribing pattern.Results: During one-year study period, 122 adult and 24 child malaria patient encounters were screened. Among adult patients, 48(39.3%) patients had P. falciparum and 74(60.7%) patients had P. vivax malaria; in children, 9(37.5%) patients had P. falciparum and 15(62.5%) patients had P. vivax malaria. All adult and pediatric P. vivax malaria patients were treated with chloroquine. Artemisinin derivatives were prescribed to 91.67% of adult and 88.88% of pediatric falciparum malaria patients, 77.09% of adults and 66.67% of children received ACT. Artemether- lumefantrine was the most commonly prescribed ACT (33.34% in adults and 55.56% in children). Prescriptions were usually in generic name and from National EDL. Percentage of encounters with antibiotics was high in both age group but percentage of encounters with injections was low in adults and children. Conclusion: Chloroquine was used rationally for treatment of P. vivax malaria patients. Artemether-lumefantrine was the most common ACT used for treatment of P.falciparum malaria cases though the National guideline for treatment of malaria does not recommend Artemether-lumefantrine for this state and region for treatment of falciprum cases.
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Aims: The aim of the study was to determine the in vivo anti-malarial activity of stem and root extracts of E. abyssinica using the 4-day suppressive in vivo anti-malarial test. Methodology: Female mice weighing approximately 20±2 g were intra-peritoneally injected with mice passaged Plasmodium berghei parasites. The extracts were then administered orally 2 h post-infection and, subsequently, daily for 4 days. On the 4th day, blood smears were prepared from all the mice, stained with giemsa and parasitaemia as well as chemosuppression determined. Results: Comparatively, the root extracts exhibited higher chemosuppression than stem extracts and the level of chemosuppression was dose dependent being the highest at 50 mg/kg and lowest at 12.5 mg/kg. Survival time in extract treated and chloroquine treated groups was 2 to 3 fold higher than the –ve control. Conclusion: These findings suggest that the root extracts are more efficacious in suppressing the development of full blown malaria compared to stem extracts and may be a useful candidate in managing malaria in future.
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Biodiversity plays vital roles in maintaining human and animal health. A wide variety of plants, animals, and fungi are used as medicine, essential vitamins, painkillers. Natural products have been recognized and used as medicines by ancient cultures all around the world. About 119 pure chemicals are extracted from less than 90 species of higher plants and used as medicines throughout the world, for example, artemisinin and quinine for treatment of malaria. Malaria is the most important public health problem in tropical and sub-tropical Africa, and it is becoming more and more difficult to control. Although several attempts have been made on vaccine development, chemotherapy and vector control are currently the mainstays of malaria control. However, with increasing cases of drug-resistant strains of malaria parasites and expensive anti-malarial drugs coupled with the poor distribution of modern health facilities, there is a resurgence in use of herbal remedies to treat malaria and other infectious diseases, before seeking the conventional western remedies. Although the use of herbal preparations for malaria is widespread in the Lake Victoria basin, there has been no previous validation of their efficacy and safety. Furthermore, there are no standard practices for quality assurance in sourcing of the herbal anti-malarial drugs. In this paper, a survey of the plants used for treatment and management of malaria in the Lake Victoria was carried out. Organic and water extracts from these plants were subjected to in vitro anti-plasmodial assays using W2 (CQ resistant) and D6 (CQ sensitive) strains. The results obtained to authenticate the use of these plants as anti-malarial herbs. A set of compounds have been isolated and characterized from the plant species that exhibited high anti-plasmodial activity.
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Objective:To establish a rapid HPLC testing method for chloroquine phosphate,hydroxychloroquine sulfate and amodiaquine hydrochloride.Methods:The chromatographic separation was performed on a GRACE prevail C18(53 mm×7 mm,3 μm)column,and the column temperature was maintained at 30℃.Acetonitrile-0.3% triethylamine acetonitrile solution (adjusting pH to 3.0 with phosphoric acid) (12∶88) was used as the mobile phase,the flow rate was 1.0 ml· min-1 and the UV detection wavelength was 254 nm.The qualitative research was performed using relative retention time and spectral similarity as the double indicators.The relative correction factor in the quantification analysis was used for the content determination.Results:Three anti-malarial drugs showed good behavior in one chromatographic system.The rapid HPLC testing analysis could be achieved.The qualitative research was more accurate by using the double indicators (UV spectral similarity and relative capacity factor).The HPLC qualitative accuracy was increased.The relative correction factor method for the quantification could effectively reduce the use of reference substances and speed up the analysis of HPLC.Conclusion:The method is rapid and simple,and suitable for the rapid determination of drugs.
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Objective:To investigate the effect of temperature and pressure on supercritical CO2 extraction of Triognella foenum graecum Linn seeds,to determine the optimal condition which leads to highest percentage of the accumulative yield and revealing the chemical composition of supercritical CO2 extract.Methods:Temperatures in the range of 40-60℃ and pressures in the range of 10-25 MPa were used.FTIR and GC-MS analysis were used to detect the bioactive compounds present in the extract.The broth dilution method and slope method were used to evaluate the anti-microbial and anti-tuberculosis activities and the in vitro anti-malarial assay was carried out according to the micro assay protocol of Rieckmann and his coworkers.Results:The temperature was more affected than the pressure on the extraction performance and the highest yield of the extract (3.111％) was attained at 60℃ and 10 MPa.FTIR and GC-MS showed that the chemical composition of the extract included conjugated linoleic acid methyl ester as the major active principle (with concentration of 72.28％),followed by saturated fatty acid methyl esters (16.03％),steroids (8.09％) and organic siloxane compound (3.61％).The extract showed moderate anti-bacterial activity with MIC values 100,250,125 μg/mL towards Escherichia coli,Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenus respectively.It exhibited high inhibition effect towards the fungi Candida albican with MFC value (250 μg/mL).The extract had low antituberculosis activity with MIC value (100 μg/mL) and comparable MIC value (0.29 μg/mL) towards Plasmodium flaciparurn.Conclusions:Supercritical CO2 extraction as alternate and green technology is performed successfully to extract the bioactive compounds from the seeds of T.foenum graecum Linn and it is concluded that this extract can be used as an alternate source of synthetic anti-biotic drugs.
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Objective To investigate the effect of temperature and pressure on supercritical CO
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Acquaintance is scanty on primaquine (PQ) efficacy and Plasmodium vivax recurrence in Udupi district, Karnataka, India. We assessed the efficacy of 14 days PQ regimen (0.25 mg/kg/day) to prevent P. vivax recurrence. Microscopically, aparasitemic adults (≥18 years) after acute vivax malaria on day 28 were re-enrolled into 15 months’ long follow-up study. A peripheral blood smear examination was performed with participants at every 1–2 month interval. A nested PCR test was performed to confirm the mono-infection with P. vivax. Of 114 participants, 28 (24.6%) recurred subsequently. The median (IQR) duration of the first recurrence was 3.1 (2.2–5.8) months which ranged from 1.2 to 15.1 months, including initial 28 days. Participants with history of vivax malaria had significantly higher risk of recurrence, with hazard ratio (HR) (95% CI) of 2.62 (1.24–5.54) (P=0.012). Severity of disease (11.4%, 13/114) was not associated (P=1.00) with recurrence. Of 28 recurrence cases, the nPCR proved that P. vivax mono-infection recurrence rate was at least 72.7% (16/22) at first recurrence. In Udupi district, PQ dose of 0.25 mg/kg/day over 14 days seems inadequate to prevent recurrence in substantial proportion of vivax malaria. Patients with a history of vivax malaria are at high risk of recurrences.
Subject(s)
Adult , Humans , Follow-Up Studies , India , Malaria , Malaria, Vivax , Plasmodium vivax , Plasmodium , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Primaquine , Recurrence , Tertiary Healthcare , Treatment FailureABSTRACT
Aims: This research was performed to evaluate the antioxidant and anti malarial activities of various catechins including catechin (C), epicatechin (EC), catechin-gallate (CG), gallocatechingallate (GCG), epigallocatechin (EGC), epicatechin-gallate (ECG), epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG). Study Design: The antioxidant activity was measured by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity and anti-malarial activity was determined by In vitro assay against P. falciparum culture, antioxidant activity was analyzed using linear regression analysis, and was continued by determining Inhibitory Concentration 50 (IC50). The anti-malarial activity was analyzed by probit analysis and IC50 determination. Place and Duration of Study: Medical Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Maranatha Christian University, Bandung. Pharmacognicy Laboratory, Airlangga University, Surabaya. Biomolecular and Biomedical Research Center, Aretha Medika Utama, Bandung, Indonesia from March 2013 to October 2013. Results: The results showed that EC has the highest antioxidant activity with IC50 = 0.41μg/ml while ECG and GCG with IC50 = 0.52 μg/ml. For anti-malarial activity, CG has the highest anti malarial activity (IC50 = 0.37 μM). Conclusion: Catechins have high antioxidant activity and CG has highest anti-malarial activity.
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In this study, stem bark extracts of Cylicodiscus gabunensis, Nauclea latifolia and Araliopsis soyauxii were investigated for possible adverse effects on male reproductive organs and sex hormones of male albino rats of about eleven weeks weighing between 120-180g. The total of twenty eight rats were divided into seven groups (A, B, C, D, E, F and G) with four rats in each group. Two levels of each plant extract 125mg/kg body weight (BW) and 225 mg/kg BW (low and high dose) were administered to the rats by oral intubation. Group A served as the control and were fed with normal commercial feed only, group B and C were fed with 125 and 225mg/kg BW of C. gabunensis, group D and E were fed with 125 and 225mg/kg BW of N. latifolia while F and G were fed with 125 and 225mg/kg BW of A. soyauxii. The results of the phytochemical screening showed significant differences (p<0.05) in the bioactive components of the three plants. The results obtained on the reproductive organs showed no significant effect (p>0.05) on organ weight (testes and epididymides) semen pH, sperm count and sperm head abnormality among the different groups but there were differences (p<0.05) in sperm motility and sperm viability in the different groups of the rat. On the hormonal analysis, the sex hormones under this study were generally decreased (p<0.05) as the concentration of each extract
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Benzimidazole is the heterocyclic compound formed from benzene and imidazole ring containing nitrogen, oxygen sulphor and its derivatives are of wide interest because of their diverse biological activity and clinical applications, they are remarkably effective compounds both with respect to their inhibitory activity and their favourable selectivity ratio. Reported nucleus is a constituent of vitamin-B12. Benzimidazoles are regarded as a promising class of bioactive heterocyclic compounds that exhibit a range of biological activities like anti-microbial, anti-viral, anti-diabetic, anti-cancer activity, numerous anti-oxidant, anti-parasitic, anti-helmintics, anti-proliferative, anti-HIV, anti-convulsant, anti-inflammatory, anti-hypertensive, anti-neoplastic, proton pump inhibitor and anti-trichinellosis. Benzimidazoles exhibit significant activity as potential antitumor agents, smooth muscle cell proliferation inhibitors, a treatment for intestinal cystitis, and in diverse area of chemistry. Some of the important benzimidazole derivatives have been reported as thyroid receptor agonist gonadotropin releasing hormone receptor antagonists, non-nucleoside HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitors and interestingly alkynylbenzimidazoles as modulators of metabotropic glutamate receptors. The imidazole core is a common moiety in a large number of natural products and pharmacologically active compounds. The synthesis of novel benzimidazole derivatives remains a main focus of medicinal research. This comprehensive overview summarizes the chemistry of different derivative of substituted benzimidazole along with their anti-microbial activity containing anti-malarial anti-fungal, anti-bacterial, anti-viral activities.
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Aims: Honey and propolis have long been used in traditional medicine whilst honey is consumed as food. A screening for various bioactivities in honey from Apis florea and A. andreniformis, and the crude water and ethanol extracts of propolis from A. mellifera and Tetragonula laeviceps, from Thailand are reported. Study Design: Cell based study. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, between June 2010 and April 2011. Methodology: Various components such as protein, sugar, gluconic acid were assayed in honey while total sugar, reducing sugar, total polyphenol and flavonoid content were assayed in crude propolis. Samples were tested for in vitro antimicrobial, in vitro antiplasmodial and antiproliferative activities. Results: The crude propolis extracts showed good bioactivities. Antibacterial activity was found against Bacillus cereus (a model Gram-positive bacteria) in the water extracts of propolis from T. laeviceps (TLW) and A. mellifera (AMW), with MIC values of 50 and 100 μg/ml, respectively, whilst against Escherichia coli (a model Gram-negative bacteria), TLE revealed some 24.0% growth inhibition. Most interestingly, the ethanol extract of propolis from T. laeviceps (TLE) displayed a strong anti-malarial activity with a MIC of 4.48 μg/ml against in vitro Plasmodium falciparum growth, whilst AMW revealed a high inhibition of Mycobacterium tuberculosis growth (74.3%). Furthermore, TLW (50 μg/ml) provided the highest anti-Herpes Simplex Virus type 1 replication activity at 33.0% without any sign of cytotoxicity to the host Vero cells. Finally, in vitro anti-proliferation activity against four cancer cell lines in tissue culture was noted with IC50 vales ranging between 25.5 - 29.3 and 26.8 – 49.5 μg/ml for TLE and AME, respectively. Conclusion: Overall, the propolis of Thai A. mellifera and T. laeviceps exhibit diverse and some novel bioactivities worthy of further enrichment and characterization.
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Benzimidazole is the heterocyclic compound formed from benzene and imidazole ring containing nitrogen, oxygen sulphor and its derivatives are of wide interest because of their diverse biological activity and clinical applications, they are remarkably effective compounds both with respect to their inhibitory activity and their favourable selectivity ratio. Reported nucleus is a constituent of vitamin-B12. Benzimidazoles are regarded as a promising class of bioactive heterocyclic compounds that exhibit a range of biological activities like anti-microbial, anti-viral, anti-diabetic, anti-cancer activity, numerous anti-oxidant, anti-parasitic, anti-helmintics, anti-proliferative, anti-HIV, anti-convulsant, anti-inflammatory, anti-hypertensive, anti-neoplastic, proton pump inhibitor and anti-trichinellosis. Benzimidazoles exhibit significant activity as potential antitumor agents, smooth muscle cell proliferation inhibitors, a treatment for intestinal cystitis, and in diverse area of chemistry. Some of the important benzimidazole derivatives have been reported as thyroid receptor agonist gonadotropin releasing hormone receptor antagonists, non-nucleoside HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitors and interestingly alkynylbenzimidazoles as modulators of metabotropic glutamate receptors. The imidazole core is a common moiety in a large number of natural products and pharmacologically active compounds. The synthesis of novel benzimidazole derivatives remains a main focus of medicinal research. This comprehensive overview summarizes the chemistry of different derivative of substituted benzimidazole along with their anti-microbial activity containing anti-malarial anti-fungal, anti-bacterial, anti-viral activities.
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Malaria is a major killer in the tropics and a major public health problem in developing countries and Papua New Guinea (PNG) is no exception. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of an education program on patients’ carers’ understanding and effective use of anti-malarial drugs for the treatment of uncomplicated malaria in children in general health clinics in PNG. The trial design involved a pre-post intervention study with a control group. The study was undertaken in the National Capital District (NCD), PNG using Gerehu Clinic as the intervention site and Hohola St Therese Clinic as the control site. Three questionnaires were developed to evaluate the process and outcomes of malaria drug treatment in the above health facilities. Prescribing data were collected from prescriptions and patient carers’ interviewed prior to the intervention program. Following the provision of drug information to patient carers, similar drug information and compliance questioning was undertaken. Differences in the pre-post elements of the study and in the control group over the study period were evaluated using Chi-Squared, Kruskal-Wallis, Fisher’s Exact or Student’s t-tests as appropriate. In excess of 100 patients in the pre- and in the post intervention phases were evaluated for their understanding and effective use of the anti-malarial drugs. In addition, 100 clients were in the control group at another clinic. The use of medicines was strongly supported with more than 70% of carers indicating no problems with the medications. In patients 10 years or less or their carers, it was found, there was a significant improvement in the carers understanding of the medications. There was a statistically significant improvement in patient outcomes from 57.9% to 92.3% reported as cured following the intervention program. In conclusion, the study identified an improvement in patient outcomes with respect to malaria. Hence, the simple intervention program in influencing patient carers understanding on the appropriate and effective use of medications led to a marked improvement in patient outcomes.
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Acanthospermum australe (Loefl.) O. Kuntze, conhecido popularmente no Brasil como carrapichinho pertence à família Asteraceae e é utilizado na medicina popular como hepatoprotetora, diaforética, antiblenorrágica, antimalárica, entre outras funções. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi estudar a espécie sob o aspecto botânico, químico e farmacológico. Assim, folhas e caules foram analisados macro e microscopicamente, contribuindo no auxílio da diagnose da espécie. Os órgãos em estudo foram submetidos a ensaios preliminares para a pesquisa dos principais grupos de princípios ativos provenientes do metabolismo secundário dos vegetais. Diferentes extratos foram obtidos por percolação e por decocção, sendo alguns deseus componentes isolados por CCD preparativa e identificadas por CG/EM. O óleoessencial do vegetal, coletado em diferentes épocas do ano e variados estágios de desenvolvimento, foi obtido em aparelho de Clevenger modificado, sendo que sua composição também foi analisada por CG/EM. O extrato clorofórmico e o extrato hidroetanólico liofilizado (EHL) foram avaliados quanto à atividade antimalárica e antileishmania. Com o EHL foi realizado também ensaio de atividade antiúlcera em ratos Wistar Hannover fêmeas e atividade antimicrobiana em bactérias e fungos. A espécie em estudo, nas condições deste trabalho, apresentou flavonóides, taninos, saponinas, óleo essencial e mucilagens. O extrato clorofórmico e hidroetanólico liofilizado, nas concentrações de 100 µg/mL, provocaram 100% de morte dos protozoários de Plasmodium chabaudi AJ, porém ambos não apresentaram atividade em promastigotas de Leishmania (L.) chagasi nesta concentração. O EHL na concentração de 10 mg/mL demonstrou significativa atividade antifúngica contra o Aspergillus niger, não apresentando nenhuma atividade para Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli e Candida albicans. O mesmo extrato, na concentração de 400 mg/kg, administrada por via oral, mostrou-se com atividade antiúlcera aguda significativa, reduzindo a Área Total de Lesão (ATL) em 49,13% em relação ao controle. O óleo essencial, nas condições do experimento, apresentou diferenças qualitativas e quantitativas quando comparado a estudos já realizados, sendo constituído em sua maioria por sesquiterpenos dos grupos cadinano (α-cadinol e δ-cadineno), cariofilano (ß-cariofileno) e, principalmente, germacrano (globulol). As análises permitiram concluir ainda que o isômero do espatulenol é o componente exclusivo e majoritário do óleo essencial de caule e o isômero do globulol, o componente presente em maior quantidade no óleo quando o vegetal encontra-se em fase de floração
Acanthospermum australe (Loefl.) O. Kuntze, known popularly in Brazil as carrapichinho belongs to the family Asteraceae and it is used in the tradicional medicine as hepatic protector, diaforetic, blenorragic activity, antimalarial activity among others. The objective of the present work was to study this species under the aspect botanical, chemical and pharmacological. Thus, leaves and stems were analyzed macro and microscopic contributing in the aid of the diagnosis of species.The aerial parts in study were submitted to preliminary phytochemical screening for the research of the main groups of secondary metabolites of plants. Difterent extracts were obtained by percolation and for decoction being some of their components, isolated for TLC preparative and identified for GC/MS. The essential oil of the plants, collected at different seasons of the year and different development stadiums, it was obtained in a Clevenger apparatus, and it composition, was also analyzed by GC/MS. The chloroformic extract and liofilized hidroethanolic extract (LHE) were assayed for the antimalarial and antileishmania activities. Using LHE it was also assayed for the anti ulcer activity in mice Wistar Hannover females and antimicrobial activity in bacteria and fungi. The species in study, in conditions of this work, presented flavonoids, tannins, saponnins, essential oil and mucilages. The chloroformic extract and LHE in the concentrations of 100 µg/mL caused 100% of death in the blood forms of Plasmodium chabaudi AJ, however none of them presented activity in blood forms of Leishmania (L.) chagasi in this concentration. LHE in the concentration of 10 mg/mL presented significant antifungal activity against the Aspergillus niger, and no activity against Staphy/ococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans. The same extract, in the concentration of 400 mg/kg, administered orally, presented significant antiulcerogenic activity, reducing the Total Area of Lesion (TAL) in 49,13% in relation to the control. The essential oil, in the conditions of the experiment, presented qualitative and quantitative difterences when compared to previous studies and constituted in its majority by sesquiterpenes of the cadinano groups (α-cadinol and δ-cadinene), caryophyllano (ß-caryophyllene) and mainly, germacrano (globulol). The analyses still permit to conclude that the isomer of the spathulenol is the exclusive and mayor component of the essential oil in the stem. Isomer of the globulol is the representative present in mayor amount in the oil when the plant is in flower stadium
Subject(s)
Rats , Plants, Medicinal/adverse effects , Asteraceae/classification , Tannins/analysis , Oils, Volatile/pharmacology , Percolation/methods , Chromatography, Thin Layer/methods , Plant Components, Aerial/anatomy & histology , Phytochemicals/analysis , Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry/methods , Anti-Ulcer Agents , Antimalarials/pharmacologyABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: Anti-malaria drugs may modulate tumor resistance to chemotherapeutic agents, but it has not been proven effective in the treatment of malignant gliomas. The aim of this study was to determine whether adequate pre-clinical data on co-administration of chemotherapeutic agents with anti-malaria drugs on malignant cell lines could be obtained that would warrant its further potential consideration for use in a clinical trial for malignant gliomas. METHODS: Two malignant glioma cell lines (U87MG, T98G) were treated with chemotherapeutic agents alone or with anti-malaria drugs. Cells were incubated with drugs for 4 days. Following the 4-day incubation, drug sensitivity assays were performed using 3-(4, 5-dimethyl-2-thiazol-2-yl) 2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay following optimization of experimental conditions for each cell lines and cell viability was calculated. RESULTS: In all of four chemotherapeutic agents(doxorubicin, vincrisitne, nimustine, and cisplatin), the cell viability was found to be markedly decreased when hydroxychloroquine was co-administered on both U87MG and T98G cell lines. The two way analysis of variance(ANOVA) yielded a statistically significant two-sided p-value of 0.0033(doxorubicin), 0.0005(vincrisitne), 0.0007(nimustine), and 0.0003(cisplatin) on U87MG cell lines and 0.0006(doxorubicin), 0.0421(vincrisitne), 0.0317(nimustine), and 0.0001(cisplatin) on T98G cell lines, respectively. However, treatment with chloroquine and primaquine did not induce a decrease in cell viability on both U87MG and T98G cell lines. CONCLUSION: Our data support further consideration of the use of hydroxychloroquine prior to systemic chemotherapy to maximize its tumoricidal effect for patients with malignant gliomas.